Mapping out Discipline & Punish (1975)
cf. map of HSv1 by 2012 CGC beginning at http://uocgc.blogspot.com/2012_09_01_archive.html
Part I:
Torture (17th-18th c.)
I. Ch. 1. Body of the Condemned
- Contrasting regimes of punishment (3-8)
- End of torture (8-19)
- The scientifico-juridcal complex (19-23)
- Intention of book: “a genealogy of the present
scientifico-legal complex” (23)
- Four
general rules (23) [methodological analytics][1]
-
Power-knowledge relations (25-28) [methodological category]
- Body
& Soul (29-30)
- History
of Present (30-1) [methodological category]
[1] To establish some
common (but non-obligatory) vocabulary, I suggest the following distinctions
(based on Koopman and Matza, “Putting Foucault to Work: Analytic and Concept in
Foucaultian Inquiry” in Critical Inquiry v39n4, Summer 2013):
Analytics = rules for inquiry, styles of
inquiry, orientations guiding inquiry / the ‘how’ of looking
Categories = ideational material that one
brings to inquiry / the lenses through we look
Field/Object = the object of inquiry /
that at which we are looking
Concepts = ideational material produced
by inquiry / what we newly see in order to ‘make sense’
Mapping these to the
first portion of D&P (Part I.1) we get, at a first approximation, the
following:
Analytics = “genealogy” (23), “political
anatomy” (28), and the “four rules” (23)
Categories = “power-knowledge relations”
(25-28), “history of the present” (31)
Field/Object = punishment, esp.
transformations in punitive practices
Concepts = TBD [important b/c we don’t
know at the outset of inquiry]
I. Ch. 2. The Spectacle of the Scaffold
- Torture/supplice defined (33-35); 3 characteristics of
pain, marking, spectacle
- Truth via inquisition & confession of body (35-47)
- Torture as ritual (47-54)
- Torture reveals connection of truth and power (54-7)
- Dual role of the people (57-65)
Part II: Punishment
II, Ch 1: Generalized
Punishment
- Fundamental Law that Punishment must have humanity as its
measure; the end of sovereign vengeance (72-75)
- A new economy of power (75-82)
- The necessity of illegality (82-86)
- The economy of illegalities and the development of
capitalist society (86-89)
- The social body must be defended (89-94)
- The 5 or 6 major rules (94-101)
- Codification and individuation (101-103)
II, Ch 2: The gentle
way in Punishment
- The condition and mechanics of obstacle signs (104)
a) mechanics of
signs (104-106)
b) mechanics of
interests (106-107)
c) mechanics of
duration (107-108)
d) mechanics of
societal retribution (108-109)
e) mechanics of
publicity, mourning, and education (109-112)
f) mechanics of
memory and discourse in the punitive city (112-114)
- Imprisonment as punishment (114-120)
- Models of Imprisonment and homo economics (120-124)
- Prison as an apparatus of knowledge (125)
- The Punitive City or Coercive Institution? (126-131)
Part III. Discipline
III, Ch 1. Docile
Bodies
The Classical Body: Birth of Modern Humanism, Pg. 136-141
- Early modern soldiers distinguished themselves through
'natural signs' that implied skill. This transitioned into a set of replicable,
formulaic treatments (coercions) that could create a soldier with greater
exactitude and scale; 'stone-cutting'/'discipline'.
Art of Distributions [Spatializing discipline], Pg. 141-149
- Enclosing bodies into isolated, protected places and
subjecting them to disciplinary monotony.
Individuals were mobile so as to sustain the system with quick
replacements, so instead of enclosure, the rank they carry with them is what
distinguished them.
Control of Activity [Disciplinary operations], Pg. 149-156
- The classical age inherited the timetable and the logic of
was applied to the body, programming it with an obligatory rhythm. Gestures are
imposed, proper relations with objects (proper maneuvers), and all the while
the utility of these coercions are ever improved upon. The natural body
supersedes the predetermined body.
Organization of Geneses [Disciplinary time], Pg. 156-162
- Discipline requires its own system of time; when to do
what is to be done such that the body can be most efficiently and completely
capitalized. Disciplinary time is a linear progression of itemized segments,
the transition through which designates a 'graduation' of sorts within a moment
of disciplinary time. The 18th century discovered (established) a correlation
between the progression of individuals and that of society at large.
Composition of Forces [Discipline oils the machine], Pg.
162-67
- The individual is now a product of its system and its
function is fulfilled by its placement in the system. The disciplinary system
is used to configure, re-configure, and yet again re-configure individual
bodies so as to produce the most efficient, productive 'machine'.
III, Ch. 2 -The means
of Correct Training
Disciplinary power works through training rather than
selection and levying
Hierarchical
observation (170)
“the techniques that make it
possible to see induce effects of power (171)
“In the perfect camp, all power
would be exercised solely through exact observation” (171)
“an architecture that is no longer
built simply to be seen. . . but to permit an internal articulated and detailed
control to render visible those who are inside it . . . an architecture that
would operate to transform individuals: to act on those it shelters” (172)
“how was one to arrange things that
a homogenous, continuous power would result from their calculated multiplicity”
(173)
“Surveillance thus becomes a
decisive economic operator both as internal part of the production machinery
and as a specific mechanism in the disciplinary power.” (175)
“Discipline makes possible the
operation of a relational power that sustains itself by its own mechanism and
which, for the spectacle of public events, substitutes the uninterrupted play
of calculated gazes” (177)
Normalizing
judgement (177)
“The art of punishing, in the
regime of disciplinary power, is aimed neither at expiation, nor even precisely
at repression. It rings five quite distinct operations into play: if refers
individual actions to a whole that is at once a field of comparison, a space of
differentiation and the principle of a rule to be followed. It differentiates
individuals from one another . . . it measures in quantitative terms and
hierarchizes in terms of value . . . . it introduces the constraint of
conformity. . . . lastly, it traces the limit that will define difference in
relation to all other differences, the external frontier of the abnormal” (183)
Perpetual penality-
compares/differentiates/hierarchizes/homogenizes/excludes (this is
normalization)
Disciplinary punishment is
corrective
“In a sense, the power of
normalization imposes homogeneity; but it individualizes by making it possible
to measure gaps, to determine levels, to fix specialties and to render the
differences useful by fitting them one to another. It is easy to understand how
the power of the norm functions within a system of formal equality, since
within a homogeneity that is the rule, the norm introduces, as a useful
imperative and as a result of measurement, all the shading of individual
differences.” (184)
Training and correction operate
within the dual mechanism of gratification-punishment
The distribution hierarchizes, and
punishes and rewards
The examination (184)
“The examination combines the techniques
of an observing hierarchy and those of a normalizing judgement” (184)
The examination transformed the
economy of visibility into the economy of power – “their visibility assures the
hold of the power that is exercised over them. It is the fact of being
constantly seen, of being able always to be seen, that maintains the
disciplined individual in his subjection. And the examination is the technique
by which power, instead of emitting the signs of potency, instead of imposing
its mark on its subjects, holds them in a mechanism of objectification.” (187)
The examination also introduces
individuality into the field of documentation
Intensity of documentary
accumulation – nec. in the army, in the hospital, in teaching establishments,
this marks the first stage of formalization of the individual (within
disciplinary power)
The examination, surrounded by all
its doc. tchnqs., makes each individual a ‘case’
“For a long time ordinary
individuality – the everyday individuality of everybody – remained below the
threshold of description” (191)
“in contrast with the ceremony in
which status, birth, privilege, function are manifested with all the spectacle
of their marks) clearly indicates the appearance of a new modality of power in
which each individual receives his status as his own individuality” (192)
“The turning of real lives into
writing is no longer a procedure of heroization; it functions as a procedure of
objectification and subjection. The carefully collated life of mental patients
or delinquents belongs, as did the chronicle of kings or the adventures of the
great popular bandits, to a certain political function of writing; but in a
quite different technique of power.” (192)
III, Ch. 3 -
Panopticism
A. The Town Under the Plague: p. 195-200:
-surveillance and inspection as principles of
order
-enclosed and segmented space
-exclusion vs. order
B. Panopticon as the architectural form of
disciplined society: p. 200-209
-permanent visibility and automatic
functioning
-panopticon as laboratory
-plague as exceptional, vs. panopticon as
generalizable and universal
-polyvalence of application
-plague disciplines through reduction
of life expression; panopticon as amplification of
discipline
C. Two Images of Discipline
(discipline-blockade and discipline-mechanisms) and the Movement from one to
the other: p. 209-217
-Functional inversion of the
disciplines: from negative to positive/productive: p. 210-1
-‘Swarming’ of disciplinary mechanisms:
departure from institutions: p. 211-212
-State-Control of mechanisms: disciplines
become co-extensive with state itself: p. 212-217
D. Formation of Disciplinary Society and
Historical processes: p. 218-228
-Disciplines as techniques for ordering
multiplicities: p. 218-221
-principles of economy and utility
-establishment of horizontal and vertical
relations and hierarchies
-Panoptic Modality and juridico-political
structures: p. 222-224
-surface/depth distinction
-Formation of Knowledge and Increase of
Power as Co-constitutive: p. 224-228
-Inquisition -Ã Examination
-Investigation’s role in the
formation of knowledge, and the origin of the specialized
human sciences.
-the ideal point of penalty as an
indefinite discipline.
Part IV. Prison
IV, Ch. 1 – Complete &
Austere Institutions
- Self-evident deprivations of
liberty and transformation of individual (double foundation) (pg 232-233)
- Prison as part of an active field (235), not inert institution
- Prison as omni-disciplinary, “exhaustive”
- Prison to Penitentiary (235-248)
- Birth of the delinquent (248-255)
- Twins: penitentiary technique and delinquent (255)
- Prison as part of an active field (235), not inert institution
- Prison as omni-disciplinary, “exhaustive”
- Prison to Penitentiary (235-248)
- Birth of the delinquent (248-255)
- Twins: penitentiary technique and delinquent (255)
IV, Ch. 2 – Illegalities
& Delinquency
- Chain gang & police wagon (257-264)
- Critique of the prison (265-268)
- Seven maxims of prison technique (269-270)
- Carceral System (271)
- Failure of the prison vis-a-vis delinquency/illegality (271-285)
- Two figures of illegality (283)
- Tactics - production of delinquency (285-286)
- Workers movements (287-292)
IV, Ch. 3 – The
Carceral
- Mettray, as completion of carceral (293-296)
- Normalization of power of normalization (296-308)
- Carceral archplgo (296-298) and six results (298-308)
