Mapping & Marking 'D&P'

Mapping out Discipline & Punish (1975)
cf. map of HSv1 by 2012 CGC beginning at http://uocgc.blogspot.com/2012_09_01_archive.html

               

               

Part I: Torture (17th-18th c.)

I. Ch. 1.       Body of the Condemned

- Contrasting regimes of punishment (3-8)

- End of torture (8-19)

- The scientifico-juridcal complex (19-23)

- Intention of book: “a genealogy of the present scientifico-legal complex” (23)

            - Four general rules (23) [methodological analytics][1]

            - Power-knowledge relations (25-28) [methodological category]

            - Body & Soul (29-30)

            - History of Present (30-1) [methodological category]

[1] To establish some common (but non-obligatory) vocabulary, I suggest the following distinctions (based on Koopman and Matza, “Putting Foucault to Work: Analytic and Concept in Foucaultian Inquiry” in Critical Inquiry v39n4, Summer 2013):

      Analytics = rules for inquiry, styles of inquiry, orientations guiding inquiry / the ‘how’ of looking

      Categories = ideational material that one brings to inquiry / the lenses through we look

      Field/Object = the object of inquiry / that at which we are looking

      Concepts = ideational material produced by inquiry / what we newly see in order to ‘make sense’

Mapping these to the first portion of D&P (Part I.1) we get, at a first approximation, the following:

      Analytics = “genealogy” (23), “political anatomy” (28), and the “four rules” (23)

      Categories = “power-knowledge relations” (25-28), “history of the present” (31)

      Field/Object = punishment, esp. transformations in punitive practices

      Concepts = TBD [important b/c we don’t know at the outset of inquiry]

I. Ch. 2.       The Spectacle of the Scaffold

- Torture/supplice defined (33-35); 3 characteristics of pain, marking, spectacle

- Truth via inquisition & confession of body (35-47)

- Torture as ritual (47-54)

- Torture reveals connection of truth and power (54-7)

- Dual role of the people (57-65)

Part II: Punishment

II, Ch 1: Generalized Punishment

- Fundamental Law that Punishment must have humanity as its measure; the end of sovereign vengeance (72-75)

- A new economy of power (75-82)

- The necessity of illegality (82-86)

- The economy of illegalities and the development of capitalist society (86-89)

- The social body must be defended (89-94)

- The 5 or 6 major rules (94-101)

- Codification and individuation (101-103)

II, Ch 2: The gentle way in Punishment

- The condition and mechanics of obstacle signs (104)

   a) mechanics of signs (104-106)

   b) mechanics of interests (106-107)

   c) mechanics of duration (107-108)

   d) mechanics of societal retribution (108-109)

   e) mechanics of publicity, mourning, and education (109-112)

   f) mechanics of memory and discourse in the punitive city (112-114)

- Imprisonment as punishment (114-120)

- Models of Imprisonment and homo economics (120-124)

- Prison as an apparatus of knowledge (125)

- The Punitive City or Coercive Institution? (126-131)

Part III. Discipline

III, Ch 1. Docile Bodies

The Classical Body: Birth of Modern Humanism, Pg. 136-141

- Early modern soldiers distinguished themselves through 'natural signs' that implied skill. This transitioned into a set of replicable, formulaic treatments (coercions) that could create a soldier with greater exactitude and scale; 'stone-cutting'/'discipline'.

Art of Distributions [Spatializing discipline], Pg. 141-149

- Enclosing bodies into isolated, protected places and subjecting them to disciplinary monotony.  Individuals were mobile so as to sustain the system with quick replacements, so instead of enclosure, the rank they carry with them is what distinguished them.

Control of Activity [Disciplinary operations], Pg. 149-156

- The classical age inherited the timetable and the logic of was applied to the body, programming it with an obligatory rhythm. Gestures are imposed, proper relations with objects (proper maneuvers), and all the while the utility of these coercions are ever improved upon. The natural body supersedes the predetermined body.

Organization of Geneses [Disciplinary time], Pg. 156-162

- Discipline requires its own system of time; when to do what is to be done such that the body can be most efficiently and completely capitalized. Disciplinary time is a linear progression of itemized segments, the transition through which designates a 'graduation' of sorts within a moment of disciplinary time. The 18th century discovered (established) a correlation between the progression of individuals and that of society at large.

Composition of Forces [Discipline oils the machine], Pg. 162-67

- The individual is now a product of its system and its function is fulfilled by its placement in the system. The disciplinary system is used to configure, re-configure, and yet again re-configure individual bodies so as to produce the most efficient, productive 'machine'.

III, Ch. 2 -The means of Correct Training

Disciplinary power works through training rather than selection and levying

Hierarchical observation   (170)

“the techniques that make it possible to see induce effects of power (171)

“In the perfect camp, all power would be exercised solely through exact observation” (171)

“an architecture that is no longer built simply to be seen. . . but to permit an internal articulated and detailed control to render visible those who are inside it . . . an architecture that would operate to transform individuals: to act on those it shelters” (172)

“how was one to arrange things that a homogenous, continuous power would result from their calculated multiplicity” (173)

“Surveillance thus becomes a decisive economic operator both as internal part of the production machinery and as a specific mechanism in the disciplinary power.” (175)

“Discipline makes possible the operation of a relational power that sustains itself by its own mechanism and which, for the spectacle of public events, substitutes the uninterrupted play of calculated gazes” (177)

Normalizing judgement   (177)

“The art of punishing, in the regime of disciplinary power, is aimed neither at expiation, nor even precisely at repression. It rings five quite distinct operations into play: if refers individual actions to a whole that is at once a field of comparison, a space of differentiation and the principle of a rule to be followed. It differentiates individuals from one another . . . it measures in quantitative terms and hierarchizes in terms of value . . . . it introduces the constraint of conformity. . . . lastly, it traces the limit that will define difference in relation to all other differences, the external frontier of the abnormal” (183)

Perpetual penality- compares/differentiates/hierarchizes/homogenizes/excludes (this is normalization)

Disciplinary punishment is corrective

“In a sense, the power of normalization imposes homogeneity; but it individualizes by making it possible to measure gaps, to determine levels, to fix specialties and to render the differences useful by fitting them one to another. It is easy to understand how the power of the norm functions within a system of formal equality, since within a homogeneity that is the rule, the norm introduces, as a useful imperative and as a result of measurement, all the shading of individual differences.” (184)

Training and correction operate within the dual mechanism of gratification-punishment

The distribution hierarchizes, and punishes and rewards

The examination   (184)

“The examination combines the techniques of an observing hierarchy and those of a normalizing judgement” (184)

The examination transformed the economy of visibility into the economy of power – “their visibility assures the hold of the power that is exercised over them. It is the fact of being constantly seen, of being able always to be seen, that maintains the disciplined individual in his subjection. And the examination is the technique by which power, instead of emitting the signs of potency, instead of imposing its mark on its subjects, holds them in a mechanism of objectification.” (187)

The examination also introduces individuality into the field of documentation

Intensity of documentary accumulation – nec. in the army, in the hospital, in teaching establishments, this marks the first stage of formalization of the individual (within disciplinary power)

The examination, surrounded by all its doc. tchnqs., makes each individual a ‘case’

“For a long time ordinary individuality – the everyday individuality of everybody – remained below the threshold of description” (191)

“in contrast with the ceremony in which status, birth, privilege, function are manifested with all the spectacle of their marks) clearly indicates the appearance of a new modality of power in which each individual receives his status as his own individuality” (192)

“The turning of real lives into writing is no longer a procedure of heroization; it functions as a procedure of objectification and subjection. The carefully collated life of mental patients or delinquents belongs, as did the chronicle of kings or the adventures of the great popular bandits, to a certain political function of writing; but in a quite different technique of power.” (192)

III, Ch. 3 - Panopticism

A. The Town Under the Plague: p. 195-200:

      -surveillance and inspection as principles of order

      -enclosed and segmented space

      -exclusion vs. order

B. Panopticon as the architectural form of disciplined society: p. 200-209

      -permanent visibility and automatic functioning

      -panopticon as laboratory

      -plague as exceptional, vs. panopticon as generalizable and universal

      -polyvalence of application

      -plague disciplines through reduction of life expression; panopticon as amplification of    

          discipline

C. Two Images of Discipline (discipline-blockade and discipline-mechanisms) and the Movement from one to the other: p. 209-217

       -Functional inversion of the disciplines: from negative to positive/productive: p. 210-1

       -‘Swarming’ of disciplinary mechanisms: departure from institutions: p. 211-212

       -State-Control of mechanisms: disciplines become co-extensive with state itself: p. 212-217

D. Formation of Disciplinary Society and Historical processes: p. 218-228

       -Disciplines as techniques for ordering multiplicities: p. 218-221

             -principles of economy and utility

             -establishment of horizontal and vertical relations and hierarchies

      -Panoptic Modality and juridico-political structures: p. 222-224

             -surface/depth distinction

      -Formation of Knowledge and Increase of Power as Co-constitutive: p. 224-228

              -Inquisition -à Examination

              -Investigation’s role in the formation of knowledge, and the origin of the specialized

                  human sciences.

              -the ideal point of penalty as an indefinite discipline.

Part IV. Prison

IV, Ch. 1 – Complete & Austere Institutions

- Self-evident deprivations of liberty and transformation of individual (double foundation) (pg 232-233)
- Prison as part of an active field (235), not inert institution
- Prison as omni-disciplinary, “exhaustive”
- Prison to Penitentiary (235-248)
- Birth of the delinquent (248-255)
- Twins: penitentiary technique and delinquent (255)

IV, Ch. 2 – Illegalities & Delinquency

• Chain gang & police wagon (257-264)
• Critique of the prison (265-268)
• Seven maxims of prison technique (269-270)
• Carceral System (271)
• Failure of the prison vis-a-vis delinquency/illegality (271-285)
• Two figures of illegality (283)
• Tactics - production of delinquency (285-286)
• Workers movements (287-292)

IV, Ch. 3 – The Carceral

• Mettray, as completion of carceral (293-296)
• Normalization of power of normalization (296-308)
• Carceral archplgo (296-298) and six results (298-308)